Amazon E-Business

Amazon. Coma's E-Business Model Monte Sutton strayed university Assignment #2 Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course BUSSES: contemporary Business Dry. Miller Fall 201 1 Discussion 1. Discuss the pros and cons of Amazons growth and diversification of business and specialization, and make recommendations about what Amazon could have done differently. The internet has become a part of most everyone daily life for many years now. In addition E-Business has appeared for several years now.E-dustless refers to conducting business over the internet. E-Business accounts for more than one- quarter of the value of all manufacturing shipments, sales and revenues, totaling $1. 3 trillion (Boone ; Kurt, 2011). In 1996 a famous retail company In E-Business was launched called Amazon. Com_ Amazon. Com sells various products like electronics, books, music, DVD's, housemates, PC's and cars. Amazon. Com is the biggest retailer in E-Business, It has expanded Its business In more than 220 countries. Amazon had first started out as a company had first started out as an online bookstore.While selling books Amazon was making a decent profit, but Amazon leadership did not feel hat they were not making as much money as they had hoped to make tort the first year _ Also a lawsuit from Barnes and Noble prompted Amazon to come up with a way to better Its corporation. In 1999 when the E-useless boom began Amazon Went Amazon began to emerge into the world of E-Business this was the best thing they could have done. By doing this they begin to make huge profits and turned into one of the world's leaders in E-commerce. Amazon was able to take over the E- Business because they began to offer to their customer's better deals than the otherE-Business corporations could offer. They were truly focused on customer satisfaction. The firm uses sophisticated inventory tools that help keep its costs down and allow it to wait for favorable supplier prices before placing orders . Amazon was able to restock when nobody else was restocking. As demands was falling off a cliff [because other retailers had placed holiday orders much earlier], they could get better rates (Boone ; Kurt, 2011 up. 223). The owner Jeff Bozo understood that in order to remain competitive in this business they had to first focus on the needs of the customers.Understanding what customers want and need is was very beneficial for the success of the company. Also expanded its merchandise at a lower cost would also attract more customers to order from Amazon. Another benefit of Amazon was that they had partnership with numerous transportation companies and could provide fast and accurate service to their consumers. Amazon has experienced many negatives ratings from some of their customers because of some of the defective merchandise they have received. Because Amazon has partnership with many consumers to sell their merchandiseAmazon does not really know what a person may be receiving. Con sumers only know that they ordered this merchandise from Amazon and if something is wrong Amazon should be responsible for the product. I fully understand their complaint. Understand the consumer's complaint. I recently ordered a Colby MPH player from Amazon and when I got the MPH player it did not work. I looked all over the internet to try and find a contact number for Amazon but could not. I called Colby and went through some trouble shooting techniques before it was determined that the part was defective.The Colby told me to return the merchandise back to Amazon and they would replace it. Although once I went on Amazon website to find out how to return the item it was fairly easy. I felt as though instead of me returning the item back to Amazon I should have returned the item to Colby and they could have sent me a replacement item. Now I have to wait until Amazon gets the old MPH player and the they order me another one from Colby. I would recommend that Amazon find out a way to cut out the middle man so that consumers can get their replacement items in an expeditious manner. Discussion 2.Determine the impact if Amazon. Com had split up and became a family of brands (for example â€Å"Amazon† for books, â€Å"Super toys† for toys, etc. ), each with a public face but all run by the same parent company. Amazon may have lost some consumers had they would have branded themselves into a family of brands. What makes Amazon so unique is that a person can go to their one website and find everything they are looking for. The website has made so many changes to make it easier for the consumer to go directly to their website categorize what they are looking for and will e able to see Just that product.Had Amazon would have Just distinguished itself into a certain brand it would have seemed like they may have been trying to promote a certain item and this would have created competition amongst Amazon with its who truly likes ordering from Amazon. They wo uld think that this is another E- Business that they are not familiar with doing business with. The ease of going to one website and understanding that everything at this website is all Amazon and the way that you use to order your merchandise you can still do it the same way.To any companies tend to think they are doing things to make it better for the consumer but in all actuality they are confusing the consumers. Discussion 3. Determine if it would be possible for Barnes and Noble or Borders to extend their markets in the same way that Amazon. Com has. Explain your rationale. Yes I think it is very possible for Barnes and Noble or Borders to extend their markets in the same was Amazon. Com has. The reason I feel this way is because the average American consumer we are always looking for the next best marketable company on the internet.Variety is the spice of life. At first consumers would be hesitant to order something other than books from Barnes and Nobles or Borders. But once the word get out that both these companies have become and establish E-Business like Amazon they should have no problem with becoming marketable in the E-commerce business. Not all consumers are happy with ordering merchandise from Amazon, so therefore it will take another company to get into the E-commerce business and have an established reputation and more will follow.In order for Barnes and Noble and Borders to become successful they need not to try and duplicate what Amazon is already doing in the E-Business. They need to come up with other creative ways to market their products, and also try and offer better pricing and better shipping rates than Amazon has to offer. Like anything, at first business may be slow for both companies because this is a new venture for them. But once the companies understand how the E-Business works and what customers want and need I don't for see any problems with them marketing other items other than books over the internet. Discussion 4 Determine what Amazon. Mom would need to do to expand their distribution chain to include some brick and mortar outlets, and whether or not this would be a good idea. In order for Amazon to get into the Brick and Mortar outlet Amazon now would have to go out and find more building throughout the world and then higher more employees to run the outlet facilities around the world. Now Amazon instead of competing in the E-commerce industry now they would also be competing in the store industry. By doing this would cost Amazon more money and could possible reduce the decline in sales over the internet. This would not be a good idea for Amazon for many reasons.Operation cost to maintain a building and a full time staff make up a large part of the overhead cost. Most retail stores commission are a big part of a sales person salary so therefore they may not have the best interest in the internet provides more information than the sales representative could. Most consumers now days go to a retail sto re and price and item then go home on the internet and get a better deal. Amazon is doing Just fine by remaining the top E- Business on the internet, References Boone, L. , Kurt, L. , (2011). Contemporary Business. Sons Inc. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and

Treetop Forest Products Ltd

Marketing: In business, firm marketing generates the revenues that the financial people manage and the production people use in creating goods and services. The challenge that faces marketing is to generate those revenues by satisfying customers’ wants at a profit and in a socially responsible manner. However, marketing is not limited to business organizations.Whenever we try to persuade somebody to do something: donate to RED CROSS, not to litter the highways, save energy, vote for candidate, we are engaging in marketing; thus marketing has a broad societal meaning and it is applicable not only for profit making but also for not profit organizations. Many scholars define marketing as follows: 1. According to American Marketing Association, marketing is defined as the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers or users. . According to William J. Stanton, Marketing is a system of business activities designed to plan , price, promote and distribute want satisfying goods and services to present and potential customers. 3. According to Evans and Berman, Marketing is the anticipation, stimulation, facilitation, regulation and satisfaction of consumer and public’s demand for products, services, organizations, people, places, and ideas through the exchange process. 4.According to Philip Kotler, Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. Generally, the definition of marketing can be grouped in to two: classical (narrow) definition and modern (broad) definition. Classical Definition: In classical terms marketing can be defined as the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers. This definition is too narrow to describe marketing.It emphasizes the distribution aspect of marketing. Modern Definition: In broade r terms marketing is defined as a system of business activities designed to plan, price, distribute and promote want satisfying products (goods and services) to present and potential customers. In marketing, there are combinations of activities, which start before the creation of a product and don’t end until customers are satisfied. Therefore, product planning, pricing, distribution and promotion are the main activities performed in marketing.Marketing includes anticipating demand, which requires a firm to do customer research on a regular bases so that it develops and introduces products that are desired by consumers, Management of demand which consists of stimulation, facilitation, and regulation of tasks; and satisfaction of demand which involves actual performance, safety, availability of options, after sale service and other factors. From the above discussions, we can conclude the following about marketing: a. Marketing is the business activity concerned with the flow o f goods and services from producers to consumers. . Marketing generates and facilitates exchange c. The concept of marketing lies on needs, wants, and demands of customers. d. Marketing is greater than selling. e. Marketing is an integrated activity. f. Marketing is concerned with customer satisfaction. MARKETING FUNCTIONS The following are the basic marketing functions: 1. Environmental Analysis and Marketing Research: Involves monitoring and adapting to external factors that affect success or failures, such as the economy and competition; and collecting data to resolve specific marketing issues. 2. Consumer Analysis:Involves examining and evaluating customer characteristics, needs, and purchase processes and selecting the group of consumers at which to aim marketing efforts. 3. Product Planning: ( including goods, services and ideas) Involves developing and maintaining products, product assortments, product images, brands, and packaging, and optional features; and deleting falteri ng products. 4. Distribution Planning: Involves establishing relations with distribution-channel intermediaries, physical distribution, inventory management, warehousing, transportation, the allocation of goods and services, wholesaling and retailing 5.Promotion Planning: Involves communicating with customers, the general public and others through some form of advertising, publicity, personal selling, and/or sales promotion. 6. Price Planning: Involves determining price levels and ranges, price techniques, terms of purchase, price adjustments, and the use of price as an active or passive factor. 7. Broadening the organizations' /individuals' scope: Involves deciding on the emphasis to place, as well as the approach to take, on international marketing, service/ -non-profit marketing and societal issues. 8. Marketing Management:Involves planning, implementation, and controlling the marketing program (strategy) and individual marketing functions; and appraising the risks and benefits i n decision making. According to W. J. Stanton and McKarthy, there are eight economic activities in marketing that are broadly classified into three: 1. Exchange: -Buying -Selling 2. Physical Distribution – Transportation – Storage 3. Facilitating /Auxiliary/ – Financing – Marketing research and information – Risk bearing – Product standardization 1) Exchange: It is the process by which parties provide something of value to one another to satisfy the needs of each.The seller provides a needed product Goods Services Seller Buyer Money Credit The buyer offers something in return a) Buying: It is acquisition and procurement of goods for eventual resale or for production of other goods or rendering of services. b) Selling: It is not only just to make sales but also to find buyers, stimulate them, and provide advice and service to buyers. It involves advertisement, personal selling, customer service, publicity, etc. 2) Physical Distribution: Refer s to handling and movement of goods from production area to market center.It consists of a) Storage: It provides proper handling and storage of goods until they are demanded and sold. b) Transportation: It is the shipment and movement of goods from their manufacturing place to the market center /place of sale/. It enables to make goods reachable to the consumers. 3) Facilitating Function /Auxiliary Function: these are functions that facilitate and assist the proper performance of other functions of marketing. It encompasses a) Financing: To carry out business operations smoothly, it requires finance or money. Marketing as a major business activity, leads us to the need for money or finance.Without it, organizations are unable to schedule their operations. The activity of financing involves the proper handling and management of the inflow and outflow of money. Accordingly, finance is defined as the management function, which involves effectively obtaining and using money. Sources of finance include revenue from sale of company products and services, rental of business properties, from sale of stock, or from loan and credit agencies. b) Market Research and information: Managers of businesses do not make decisions on the basis of common sense or intuition. They require information.Therefore, to make marketing decisions and to design effective marketing policies, managers should get information regarding tests, preferences, attitudes and needs of customers; position of competitors, capacity of suppliers and creditors. For the success of business, market research is an important activity that involves gathering, analyzing, and interpretation of data collected regarding the needs of consumers. c) Risk Bearing: Business organizations when they are established, it is with the objective of getting profit, expansion, growth, etc. Nevertheless, they fail to achieve their objectives because of uncertainty of the future.Hence, the chance or the possibility of loss that bus iness face is known as RISK. d) Product standardization and Grading: These are facilitating functions that are used to identify the quantity and quality of production. When goods are standardized and graded neither the buyer nor the seller is required to check each and every part of the product. It saves the time of both buyers & sellers. Standardization enables customers to know that there is always definite or standard quality in a particular package; and grading indicates that a package labeled with grades A, B, or C are always uniform and the same everywhere and ever time.The field of marketing is a crucial one for several reasons: it stimulates demand; a large number of people are employed on marketing positions; it supports entire industries such as advertising and marketing research; all people are consumers in some situations; it is necessary to use scarce resources efficiently; it impacts on people's beliefs and life styles; and it influences the quality of our lives. The s cope of marketing is quite broad and diversified. To perform the marketing functions, marketing Performers are required and they are organizations or individuals that undertake one or more marketing functions.They include manufacturers, service providers, wholesalers, retailers, marketing specialists, and organizational and final consumers. Each performer has a different role. One party usually does not perform all the functions. This is due to costs, assortment requirements, specialized abilities, company size, established methods of distribution, and consumer interests. TASKS OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT Marketing managers in different organizations might face any of the following states of demand. The marketing task is to manage demand effectively. The various states of demand and the corresponding marketing management task according to P.Kotler are the following: 1. Negative demand: This is a state in which all or the major parts of the society, dislikes the product and may even pay a price to avoid it. Examples are vaccination, alcoholic employees, dental work, and seat belts. The corresponding marketing task is to analyze why the market dislikes the product and whether product redesign, lower price, or more positive promotion can change the consumer attitudes. This marketing task or activity is known as CONVERSIONAL marketing which tries to change people’s want rather than serve their wants. . No demand: This is a case where target customers may be uninterested in or indifferent to a particular product. For example, farmers may not know about a new farming method; college students may not be interested in taking foreign language courses. Marketing managers are concerned with finding ways to connect the product’s benefits with the user’s needs and interests. This marketing task is known as STIMULATIONAL marketing; it tries to stimulate a want for an object in people who initially have no knowledge or interest in the product 3.Latent demand : Consumers have a want that is not satisfied by any existing product or service. This state of demand where many customers share a strong need for something that does not exist in the form of actual product is called LATENT demand. Examples include the need for harmless cigarettes, more fuel-efficient cars, etc. In this case, marketing managers respond by trying and developing effective goods and services that will satisfy the demand through analysis and measurement of the potential market.The marketing task is called DEVELOPMENTAL marketing and its task is to measure the size of the potential market and trying to develop a new product or service that would satisfy the demand. 4. Falling demand: Sooner or later, every organization faces falling demand for one or more of its products. For example, churches have seen their membership decline, and private colleges have seen fewer applications. The marketer must find the causes of market decline and re-stimulate demand by finding new m arkets, changing product features, or creating more effective communication and the marketing task is REMARKETING. . Irregular demand: It is a state in which the timing pattern of demand is marked by seasonal and volatile fluctuations causing problems of idle capacity and overworked. For example museums are under-visited during weekdays and overworked during weekends. The corresponding marketing task is SYNCHROMARKETING, i. e. , to find ways to alter the time pattern of demand through flexible pricing, promotion and other incentives so that it will better match the time pattern of supply. 6. Full demand: The organization has just the amount of demand it wants and can handle.It is a state where the current level and timing of demand is equal to the desired level and timing of demand. The marketing task is MAINTENANCE marketing and is designed to maintain the current level of demand against changing consumer preferences. The organization maintains quality, and continually measures sat isfaction to make sure it is doing a good job. 7. Overfull demand: It is a state in which demand is higher than the company can or wants to handle. The marketing task is called DEMARKETING and its task is finding ways to reduce the demand temporarily, or permanently.De-marketing involves such actions as raising prices and reducing promotion and service. It does not aim to destroy demand, but only to reduce it. It calls for using normal marketing tools in reverse. 8. Unwhole-Some demand: Unwholesome products such as cigarettes, alcohol, and hard drugs will attract organized effort to destroy the demand or interest in particular product or service. The corresponding marketing task is known as COUNTERMARKETING it is a difficult task in that the aim is to get people who like something to give it up. Marketing manager cope with these tasks by arrying out marketing research, planning, implementation and control. The demand levels and corresponding marketing tasks are summarized as follows : State of demand| Marketing task| Formal Name| 1. | Negative demand| Disabuse demand| Conversional marketing| 2. | No demand| Create demand| Stimulation Marketing| 3. | Latent demand| Develop demand| Developmental marketing| 4. | Falling demand| Revitalized demand| Remarketing marketing| 5. | Irregular demand| Synchronize demand| Synchro-marketing| 6. | Full demand| Maintain| Maintenance marketing| 7. Overfull demand| Reduce demand| Demarketing marketing| 8. | Unwholesome demand| Destroy demand| Counter marketing| 2. 3. MARKETING MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS We have described marketing management, as the conscious effort to achieve desired exchange outcomes with target markets. Now we ask what philosophy should guide these marketing efforts? What weights should be given to the interests of the organization, the customers and society? Very often these interests conflict. Clearly, marketing activities should be carried out under a clear philosophy of efficient, effective, and responsible mark eting.There are five competing concepts under which organizations conduct their marketing activity. 1. The production concept: This concept holds that consumers will favor those products that are widely available and low in cost. Management of production oriented organization concentrates on achieving high production efficiently and wide distribution coverage. Organizations that appreciate this concept assume that consumers like products that are widely available and accessible at low cost. The production concept is one of the oldest concepts guiding sellers.The assumption that consumers are primarily interested in product availability and low price holds in at least two types of situations. The first is where the demand for a product exceeds supply as in many Third World countries. Here consumers are more interested in obtaining the product than in its fine points. The suppliers will concentrate on finding ways to increase production. The second situation is where the productâ€⠄¢s cost is high and has to be brought down through increased productivity to expand the market.Texas instruments provides a contemporary example of the production concept: Texas Instruments is the leading American exponent of the â€Å"get-out production, cut the price† philosophy. Ford put all of his talent into perfecting the mass production of automobile to be down their instruments all of its efforts in building production volume and improving technology in order to bring down costs. It uses its lower costs to cut process and expand the market size. It strives to achieve the dominant position in its markets.To Texas Instruments, marketing primarily means one thing bringing down the price to buyers; this orientation has also been a key strategy of many Japanese companies. 2. The product concept: Under this concept, marketing managers assume that consumers will prefer those products that offer (provide) the most quality, performance, with good features. Managers in this pr oduct-oriented organizations focus their energy on making quality products and improving them over time. These managers assume that buyers admire well-made products and can select, purchase and appreciate product quality.Products oriented companies often design their product with little or no customer input. These managers are caught up in a love affair with their product and fail to appreciate that the market may be less â€Å"turned on. † They trust that their engineers will know how to design or improve the product. Too often they will not even examine competitors products because â€Å"they were not invented here. † A General Motors executive said years ago† â€Å"How can the public know what kind of car they want until they see what is available? † GM’s designers would develop plant for a new car. Then manufacturing would make it.Then the finance department would price it. Finally, marketing and sales would try to sell it. GM failed to ask cust omers what they wanted and never brought in the marketing people at the beginning to help figure out what kind of car would sell. The product concept leads to â€Å"marketing myopia† a focus on the product greater than on the customer’s need. Railroad management thought that users wanted trains rather than transportation and overlooked the growing challenge of the airlines, buses, trucks, and automobiles. Churches and the post office all assume that they are offering the public the right product and wonder why their sales falter.These organizations too often are looking into a mirror when they should be looking out the window. 3. The Selling concept: Under this philosophy/concept/, marketing managers assume that consumers purchase products if the organization undertakes an aggressive selling and promotion effort. Therefore, firms emphasize and direct their effort on promotion and selling of their products. Most firms practice the selling concept when they introduce new products and when they have over capacity. The selling concept holds that consumers, if left alone, will ordinarily not buy enough of the organization’s products.The organization must therefore undertake an aggressive selling effort. The concept assumes that consumers typically show buying inertia or resistance and have to be coaxed into buying, and that the company has available a whole battery of effective selling and promotion tools to stimulate more buying. The selling concept is practiced most aggressively with â€Å"unsought goods,† those goods that buyers normally do not think of buying such as insurance, encyclopedias, and funeral plots. These industries have perfected various sales techniques to locate prospects and hard sell them on product benefits.Most firms practice the selling concept when they have over capacity. Their aim is to sell what they make rather than make what the market wants. In modern industrial economies, productive capacity has been built up to a point where most markets are buyer markets (i. e. , the buyers are dominant), and sellers have to scramble hard for customers. Prospects are bombarded with television commercials, newspaper ads, direct mail, and sales calls. At every turn, someone is trying to sell something. As a result, the public identifies marketing with hard selling and advertising. 4.The Marketing Concept: The marketing concept is different from the above three concepts. Managers under this concept assumes that the key to achieving organizational goals is based on the determination of the needs and wants of consumers and delivering or providing the desired satisfaction more efficiently, and effectively, than competitors. When we compare the marketing concept with the selling concept, the selling concept focuses on the needs of the seller; the marketing concept focuses on the needs of the buyer. Selling concept focuses on the needs of the seller; marketing on the needs of the buyer.Selling is preoccupi ed with the seller’s need to convert his product into cash. Marketing is preoccupied with the idea of satisfying the customers’ needs of the product and the whole cluster of things associated by creating and delivering the product. The marketing concept rests on four main pillars, namely target market, customer needs, coordinated marketing, and profitability. These are shown in figure below – The selling concept Starting pointFocusMeans Ends FactoryProductsSelling ; Profits throughpromotion sales volume The marketing concept Starting point focus meansEndsTarget market Customer CoordinatedProfits through Needs marketingCustomer Satisfaction Here we examine how each pillar of the marketing concept contributes to more marketing that is effective. i. TARGET MARKET: No company can operate in every market and satisfy every need. Nor can it even do a good job within one broad market. Companies do best when define their target market (s) carefully and prepare a tailored marketing program. An auto manufacture can think of designing passenger cars, station wagons, sports carts, and luxury. But this thinking is less precise than defining a customer target group.One Japanese carmaker is designing a car for the career woman, and it will have many features that male-dominated cars don’t have. Another Japanese carmaker is designing a car for the â€Å" town man,† the young person who needs to get about town and park easily. In each, the company has clarified a target market, and this will greatly influence the car design. Societal Marketing Concept: It holds that the organization should determine the needs, wants, and interests of the target markets and deliver the desired satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that maintains or improves the customer’s and the ociety’s well-being. The societal marketing concept calls upon marketers to balance three considerations in setting their marketing poli cies. Originally, companies based their marketing decisions largely on short-run company profit. Overtime, companies began to recognize the long-run importance of satisfying consumer wants, and introduced the marketing concept. Now they are beginning to think of society’s interests when making decisions. The societal marketing concept calls for balancing all three considerations-company profits, consumer wants, and society’s interests.

Edgar Allan Poe Is An Incredibly Established American Author.

Edgar Allan Poe is an incredibly established American author. His writing style is easily identifiable due to his unique characterization and conspicuous usage of elevated vocabulary. Some of Poe’s pieces incorporate a character whom has committed a crime and is revealing to the readers how and why he committed it. It is not always explicitly started what motivates the individual to enact his crime; this enables the audience to look deeper into the story. The way Poe can place himself in a criminal s mind is frightening. Poe’s stories always present themselves as eerie or sinister to the audience; therefore the audience is always engaged throughout the tale. An example of such a story would be Poe’s â€Å"The Black Cat.† The narrator of this†¦show more content†¦Immediately following the homicide, the narrator tries to think of a way to hide the body. He even says he slept very soundly right after. It is common and humane for people to feel emotio ns such as guilt after a murder. In result of the narrator not experiencing any emotions, it can be deduced that the narrator is mentally unstable. To further the reasoning of him being unstable, a significant component to analyze would be how the narrator changes. In the beginning of the story, the narrator tells the readers that he was an intense animal lover and had a â€Å"tenderness of heart† (Poe 137). He alters from an animal enthusiast to an abusive, homicidal madman. Aside from a character’s behavior and the changes he has throughout the tale, one must also take into consideration what the he says or does not say. The narrator of â€Å"The Black Cat† writes his murderous history in a way to receive justification or sympathy from the audience. When the narrator refers to the black cat, he usually calls it beast to give the image of a dangerous animal rather than an innocent pet. This terminology is used to justify why he abuses and hung the cat. Moreov er, the narrator articulates certain events as insignificant to persuade the audience that the instances are not as terrible as they are. An example would be when he slaughters his wife and immediately formulates a way toShow MoreRelatedImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 Pagesinvention to that of expected future scientific advances. The papers are edited transcripts of these speeches. Since the talks were generally given extemporaneously, the papers are necessarily informal and may, therefore, differ in style from the authors’ more formal works. As the included audience questions illustrate, the topic raises far-reaching issues and concerns serious aspects of our lives and future. Donald P. Hearth Former Director NASA Langley Research Center 111 ... Contents ForewordRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 Pagesinvention to that of expected future scientific advances. The papers are edited transcripts of these speeches. Since the talks were generally given extemporaneously, the papers are necessarily informal and may, therefore, differ in style from the authors’ more formal works. As the included audience questions illustrate, the topic raises far-reaching issues and concerns serious aspects of our lives and future. Donald P. Hearth Former Director NASA Langley Research Center 111 ... Contents

Essay about How Cheerleading Is a Sport - 1011 Words

Many consider cheerleading not a sport, but the New York Times states, one of the quickest growing sports for girls in our country today is cheerleading. Additionally, the New York Times doesn’t differentiate between sideline and competition cheerleaders. Sideline cheerleaders are on the sideline cheering on the football team and getting the crowd pumped for the football game. A competition cheerleader competes against other schools or teams in competitions that last two minutes and thirty seconds which consist of stunting, tumbling, dancing and jumps. Cheerleading is a sport because it is made up of teamwork, vigorous practices, it’s very dangerous, and it has rules and guidelines like any other sport in today’s society. Teamwork†¦show more content†¦A cheerleading practice consists of conditioning, going over the routine full out over 50 times, jumping, tumbling, stunting, dancing your heart out, and even more conditioning. Cheerleaders perform stunts that require strength. In a stunt, flyers are tossed in the air, by their two bases and back spots in different stunts that require strength, teamwork, communication, and cooperation. To be able to perform the very challenging stunts, cheerleaders need to condition and workout like any other sport that competes. Cheerleading is considered the number one dangerous sport for girls in todays country. Sports injuries for cheerleading appear in the ER more than five times the number of any other sport. According to LiveScience staff, cheerleading injuries account for more than 67 percent of sports injuries (LiveScience). While watching a routine, you will see that most cheerleaders will have on an ankle brace, a knee brace, or a wrist brace. They wear braces because cheerleaders easily get hurt and they have to wear a brace to be able to cheer and not reinjure themselves. In most cases, the cheerleaders will continue Keegan 3 to wear the brace after their injury is healed because they don’t want to hurt their previous injury. The most common injuries are ankle sprains. Cheerleaders may need surgery for some of their injuries because in most cases a cheerleader could of torn their MCL orShow MoreRelatedHow Cheerleading Is A Sport1071 Words   |  5 Pagesbest and want to win. How would you feel if every time you took that field your peers didn’t believe in you and did not respect your sport? Cheerleaders go to the gym and work just as hard as other athletes do, and are not receiving any credit. This makes us frustrated and let down. There are many aspects of cheer that people are unaware of. Being a cheerleader, you have to be able to tumble, stunt, be competitive, have teamwork, and most of all dedication. Cheerleading is a sport because it is physicallyRead MoreCheerleading Should Be Granted Sport Status1184 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The argument of whether or not cheerleadin g should be granted sport status is one that has escalated into a fierce debate over the past year,† Wayne Drehs, a staff writer for ESPN, confirms. While giving a purpose to many young athletes as many other known sports do, cheerleading has lost any sport recognition somewhere along the way. The sport has grown miraculously into something that is nothing short of amazing. However while cheerleading’s difficulty has grown, many people’s support for theRead MoreCheerleader and American Icon by Natalie Adams and Pamela Bettis1239 Words   |  5 Pagesbook explains a lot about cheerleading and where it started and how far it’s gotten. This book will help me talk about the difference between sideline and competitive cheerleading. The book will also help me to talk about how much of a business cheerleading has started for the United States. This book has a lot of great information for me to use to talk about how athletic cheerleading really is. The book goes in detail about male and female participation in cheerleading. This is going to be greatRead MoreGoing Team ! : The Debate Over Cheerleading1442 Words   |  6 Pages Go Team!: The Debate Over Cheerleading When you hear the word cheerleader, what do you visualize? A ditzy girl on the sideline of a football game shaking pom-poms seems to be the most common image. Although this is how cheerleading originally began, the sport has been revolutionized: it is incomparable to its’ original purpose. Cheerleading is now a year-round activity which involves stunting, tumbling, and dancing. There are many different types of cheerleading; these are all governed by differentRead MoreShould Cheerleading Be A Sport?1620 Words   |  7 PagesWhen it comes to cheerleading, most of us will readily agree that it is not a real sport. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of why not. Whereas some are convinced that cheerleading doesn’t meet necessary qualifications to officially be a sport, others maintain that it does have qualities deeming it to be a sport. This is because the competition level in high school and college exceeds the expectation of those other sport s that put in the time, hard work and effort toRead MoreWhat Does A Sport And Whether Or Not Cheerleading Should Be Considered1513 Words   |  7 Pagessomeone tells you to think of a sport I’m sure the first thing that comes to mind is football, or basketball, or maybe baseball. But what about cheerleading? When you think of cheerleading do you just think of it as an activity that consists of chants on the sidelines with big pom-poms, or do you think of it as a sport with extreme stunting such as tumbling, mounting, and tossing? The question of whether or not cheerleading is or should be recognized as an official sport has been debated since 1997Read MoreCheerleading Is A Sport?1257 Words   |  6 PagesJan. 1, 2017 Cheerleading is a Sport Cheerleading is one of the leading causes of catastrophic injuries in female athletes in high school and college levels, yet people still argue that it is not a sport and how â€Å"easy† it is. Reasons cheer is not labeled a sport yet is because all of the benefits that would need to be provided for cheer teams because of title IX, the primary purpose of cheer (not competing), and the fact that cheerleading would not exist if they labeled it a sport because then theirRead MoreCheerleading Is The Competitive Side Of Cheerleading885 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to the topic of whether cheerleading is a sport, some of us readily agree that it is. Where the agreement usually ends, however, is on the competitive side of cheerleading. Although not all types of cheerleading are considered competitive, the ones that are competitive should be considered a sport. Whereas many are convinced that cheerleading as a whole is not a sport due to lack of competition, others maintain th at it is a sport because cheerleaders are athletes, they need to trainRead MoreIs Cheerleading a Sport?669 Words   |  3 PagesIs Cheerleading a Sport? The first intercollegiate American Football game was played between Princeton university and Rutgers University in 1869, and cheerleading began in the 1880s with Princetons all-male pep club. In 1923, women were allowed to become cheerleaders at the University of Minnesota, and during the 1920s, cheerleaders added acrobatics to the cheers (Being a Cheerleader). The first Cheerleading National Championship was held in 1982, hosted by the Universal Cheerleaders AssociationRead MoreIs Cheerleading A Sport?1556 Words   |  7 Pagesamericans believe that cheerleading isn t a sport? Could it be because cheerleaders don’t compete against other cheerleaders on specific â€Å"game days†? Cheerleading is different from most sports because they usually compete with how loud they are, and their facial expressions. In order for an activity to be considered a sport it has involve physical activities. Cheerleading is a sport because people train and compete for it, the cheerleader s also have to be physically fit. A sport is an activity that

Analysis of The Road Not Taken, by Robert Frost Essay

Thesis Robert Frosts â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is more symbolic of a choice one must make in their life in attempt to foresee the outcome before reaching the end, than it is about choosing the right path in the woods. Describe the literal scene and situation. The literal scene of Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken, is described as a â€Å"yellowed wood† (Arp Johnson, 2009). Use of this description could be that fall is upon the wood or the trees perhaps once white have yellowed with age. Before the traveler is a road split into two different directions, he has no idea where each road leads. In trying to imagine, where each one might lead he tries to â€Å"look down each path† (Arp Johnson, 2009), but to no avail as he can only see as far as the†¦show more content†¦It could just be symbolic for a choice that he must make in his life. As college students, our â€Å"road† is what major we will choose and this will help decide the outcome of our future. When one decides to follow God a divided path becomes the focus of our lives, do we continue down the path we have been on our whole lives, and is well known but will surely lead to death? On the other hand, do we choose the path God would have us take not only changing our lives, but in the end instead of an eternity spent in the cold grip of death, we find eternal life? Why does the title emphasize the road not taken? The emphasis on â€Å"the road not taken† is Frost’s way of making us think as we read this poem that no matter which way the speaker chose to go a road would always stay not taken. The speaker intended to complete his journey on the chosen path, then at another time go back, and take the other direction. What are the rhythm patterns that Frost uses in the poem (include the scansion and technical methods: alliteration, assonance, and consonance)? Frost uses both masculine rhyme and end rhyme. The masculine rhyme is the rhyming sounds that contain only one syllable such as wood, stood, and should. The end rhyme pattern that Frost uses is, A, B, A, A, B C, D, C, C, D E, F, E, E, F and G, H, G, G, H. (Arp Johnson, 2009). There are lines of this poem that show the alliteration method, two examples are found in line 6-â€Å"then took the†, and line 8- â€Å"wanted wear† Assonance alsoShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe analysis of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost has been up for debate since the poem release in 1916. It is known to be one of the most frequently misinterpreted poems of all time, and even Robert Frost himself has said the poem is â€Å"tricky† to comprehend (The). When analyzing th is poem many readers tend to focus only on the last lines of the poem and get caught in a trap of selective-interpretation. Quite a few people after reading Robert Frost’s poem firmly conclude that this poem is aboutRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost Analysis1475 Words   |  6 PagesThe poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, is a poem that has many meanings depending on the reader. The poem was published in 1916 and it is a very interesting poem. It’s a fairly short poem consisting of only 20 lines, and it is full of metaphors and imagery and it has many ways that it can be interpreted. The poem’s use of imagery leaves the reader trying to figure out what Frost meant when he wrote the poem. Since it is a poem, it generally has no correct way to interpret it, but it usuallyRead More Analysis of The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Essays860 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost ?The Road Not Taken? (1916) tells of someone faced with two of life?s decisions however only one can be chosen. Whichever road is taken will be final and will determine the direction that their life takes. Frost drives this poem by a calm and collective narrative, spoken by the traveler of the diverged roads. Who is speaking with himself trying to convince himself of which road is the better choice. Frost wrote this poem using standard, modern languageRead MoreThe Road Not Taken by Robert Frost: An Analysis811 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿The Road Not Taken Robert Frost Introduction On the surface of it, The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost presents a narrator who is remembering a journey through the woods, and the person making this journey came into a position where two roads were diverging. So the challenge presented in the poem is, which road should the narrator take, and why? Frost claimed that his poem was a parody of a poem by his friend, poet Edward Thomas, but others have had very different explanations for The Road NotRead MoreAnalysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost803 Words   |  4 Pages Poetry And I The poem The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost relates to my personal life because both the narrator and I had to make a decision. My decision was having to chose between playing volleyball or football in fifth grade. I thought about my previous experiences in both sports. I was a decent player in volleyball and I wanted to get the â€Å"All Sports Award† that our school awards to eighth graders who participated in all of the sports that St. Dominic offers; however, St. Dominic did not offerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1244 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, a traveler discovers a fork in the road, and after thorough examination of both paths in the â€Å"yellow wood† he chooses one to proceed on (1). The speaker intended to save the other road for another day of traveling; however, he knew that his path in life would drift far away, preventing him from ever returning to the other road. When the future arriv es, the speaker plans to tell of his travels, and alter the truth by explaining that the path he chose was lessRead MoreEssay Analysis of The Road Not Taken, by Robert Frost854 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Robert Frost poem ‘’The Road Not Taken’’ there is a pervasive and in many ways intrinsic sense of journey throughout. In such, the poem explores an aspect associated with human decision, or indecision, relative to the oxymoron, that choices with the least the difference should bear the most indifference, but realistically, carry the most difficulty. This is conveyed through the use of several pivotal techniques. Where the first such instance is the use of an extended metaphor, where the poemRead MoreAnalysis OfThe Road Not Taken, By Robert Frost1011 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost, a renowned American poet, is regarded as one of the most influential and successful poets of the twentieth century. Frost’s popularity is derived most notably from the colloquial, descriptive language he uses in his poems and the impactful themes he portrays throughout them. The popularity of Frost’s poems also emerges from the interest that is sparked by his ability to â€Å"fool† the reader and hide the true meaning behind his words. One of the most acknowledged of Frost’s poems is â€Å"TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Gow Will Be The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1020 Words   |  5 Pagesand spiritual. So, the question is, does self-discovery only work within an individual or can it be influenced by others around us? Morning, teachers and fellow class mates. My prescribed related text to away by Michael gow will be the road not taken by Robert frost. Away explores the concept of self-discovery and transformation through the characters as they change. By encountering a physical journey, it provides the character with new perspective on life and an understanding attitude away fromRead MoreRobert Frost s Writing Style1589 Words   |  7 Pages Robert Frost once said, â€Å"The figure a poem makes. It begins in delight and ends in wisdom... in a clarification of life - not necessarily a great clarification, such as sects and cults are founded on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (Robert Frost Quotes). This same kind of thinking opened the door for metaphorical poetry that helped to show the poets transparency. His love for the social outcast and the struggles of his life are exhibited greatly in his poems. Robert Frost helped

Victorian Childrens Literature free essay sample

This paper discusses various childrens stories from the Victorian period and shows how these stories were used to illustrate Victorian ideals and values that they wished to instill in their children. This research paper examines childrens books from the second half of the nineteenth century. It examines the overt and covert control that these works exercised, and continue to exercise, over their readers. This paper also describes the language that Victorian writers used in childrens books to shape the actions, behavior and beliefs of their child readers, and the strategies they employed to persuade their readers to digest their messages. `Many examples of Victorian literature adopt an authoritarian control over the children. Alice is framed as a conventional childrens story, from which we would expect advice, guidance and the like. Yet our expectations remain unfulfilled, for Carroll refuses to adopt a position of authority, or to invest with authority any character in the story, except perhaps Alice herself, which seems hardly acceptable by Victorian standards. We will write a custom essay sample on Victorian Childrens Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, no character in Alice is in the least sincere; arguably, not even Carroll is sincere, given the apparent gap between the introductory poem and the contents of the fiction. Carrolls subversion of speech acts and the language of control operates throughout the book.`

The Effect of Light Quantity on Photosynthesis of Green Land Plants free essay sample

The reaction centre than transfers captured electrons to the electron transport chain (Hoober 1984). The electrons are carried in the form of NADPH, which is then reduced (Hoober 1984). The hydrogen ion produced from this reduction reaction then passes through ATP synthase, generating ATP (Hoober 1984). The chemical DCPIP acts as an electron acceptor and is used to measure the rate of electron transport in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts (Dean and Miskiewicz 2006). Initially DCPIP is a blue colour. Although, when it gains electrons from the transport chain it is reduced and turns colourless (Dean and Miskiewicz 2006). A high photosynthetic rate can be interpreted by a fast rate of change from blue to colourless of the DCPIP as more electrons are flowing through the transport chain and reducing the DCPIP. The colour of DCPIP is measured using a spectrophotometer at 605nm. The rate of photosynthesis is dependent on many factors, in particular light quantity (Johkan et al. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Light Quantity on Photosynthesis of Green Land Plants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2012). A greater quantity of light received by the chloroplasts equates to a greater amount of solar energy potentially converted into ATP. In turn this causes a higher flow of electrons in the transport chain. The importance of light quantity for photosynthesis is relevant to the growth and harnessing of energy by plants. This can be useful for understanding ecosystems, such as rainforests where the amount of light received by plants is greatly reduced further down the canopy (Lee 1987), and for agriculture as optimum growth conditions can increase production of crops. The hypothesis was that the greater the quantity of light the higher the rate of photosynthesis and hence the faster reduction of DCPIP, as more electrons travel through the transport chain. The effect of light quantity was answered using isolated chloroplasts exposed to differing intensities of light, with photosynthetic activity measured using DCPIP and a spectrophotometer at 605nm. Method Isolating chloroplast: Approximately 4g of spinach leaf was torn into pieces, removing major veins. The leaf pieces were then placed into a cooled mortar and pestle. 15mL of cold isolation medium was then dispensed into the same mortar and pestle, and the leaf pieces were ground into a smooth paste. Using a funnel and two pieces of gauze, the ground leaf paste was then filtered into a cold 15mL plastic centrifuge sitting on ice. The plant material was then squeezed to recover as much filtrate as possible. While the filtrate was being centrifuged the mortar and pestle were washed, whilst the funnel and gauze were placed on the bench to dry. Tables were then set up for record keeping. The supernatant was carefully decanted by pouring it into a new, cold 15mL centrifuge tube and stored on ice, being careful not to lose the dark green pellet at the bottom. A sufficient amount of ice-cold isolation medium was added to the tube containing the pellet so that the final volume was approximately 1mL. If 1mL isolate was already present, no more isolation medium was added. Very carefully, the pellet was re-suspended by swirling and gently flicking the tube. The chloroplast isolate was then stored on ice. Measuring absorbance: The spectrophotometer was blanked at 605nm using a phosphate buffer. Three cuvettes were labeled and 5mL DCPIP was dispensed into each cuvette. Using a pipette, 20uL chloroplast isolate was added to each cuvette, which were then covered with Parafilm and inverted to mix, measuring their absorbance at 605nm (A605) immediately. Cuvette 1 was placed in a dark cupboard, cuvette 2 in front of a 25W unfiltered light source, and cuvette 3 in front of a 125W unfiltered light source. The A605 was measured every two minutes for a total of 8 minutes for all cuvettes. Results were recorded in a table and the experiment repeated three times. Results Photosynthetic activity of isolated chloroplasts was highest in the samples exposed to the 125W unfiltered light source and lowest in samples kept in darkness (Figure 1). No photosynthetic activity occurred in the chloroplasts which were not exposed to light (Figure 1). The chloroplasts exposed to the 125W light source increased in photosynthetic activity at an increasing rate for the first four minutes and then steadied (Figure 1). The samples exposed to 25W light recorded a small increase in photosynthetic activity over time (Figure 1). Photosynthetic activity was 50% higher in samples exposed to 125W light source than those exposed to 25W (Figure 1). Figure 1: The effect of light quantity on photosynthesis of isolated chloroplasts of spinach leaf. The absorbance of chloroplasts mixed with DCPIP exposed to differing light quantities was measured using a spectrophotometer at 605nm. Discussion The results show that photosynthetic activity peaked in samples exposed to 125W light source, and was not present in samples unexposed to light. This shows that light quantity does affect photosynthetic activity as the DCPIP was reduced at a faster rate in samples exposed to high light intensity, suggesting more electron transfer in the isolated chloroplasts. The higher amount of electrons de-colourised the DCPIP at a faster rate, accounting for its decreased absorbance. Hence, greater light quantity results in greater photosynthetic activity. These results are confirmed by Turnball showing that greater plant growth occurred in plants exposed to the most light (1991). This suggests that photosynthetic activity was higher than in the plants exposed to low light intensities, allowing the production of more ATP and subsequent growth of the plant. Although, plants inhabiting the lower canopy region displayed better growth in low light conditions than those adapted to mid or high canopy regions (Turnball 1991). This infers that photosynthetic level varies between species and habitat as species adapt to different light intensities. This conclusion is supported by Stroop and Boyer who showed that the rate of ATP synthesis was significantly lower in plants exposed to low light (1987). At 2% light intensity the rate of photophosphorylation, the production of ATP by photosynthesis, was approximately 97% lower than in chloroplasts exposed to 100% light intensity (Stroop and Boyer 1987), supporting the hypothesis. Plant species are adapted to different light intensities depending on their habitat. Species adapted to the shade contain higher chlorophyll content than those residing in sun environments (Grumbach and Lichtenthaler 1982). Grumbach and Lichtenthaler showed that plants were able to adapt to different light intensities through changing their pigment composition, being chlorophyll and carotenoids, as well as the thickness of the thylakoid membrane (1982). Chloroplasts adapted to high light intensities exhibited few small thylakoid systems, however chloroplasts adapted to low light intensity contained large grana stacks and enlarged photosystems within the thylakoid membrane (Grumbach and Lichtenthaler 1982). Hence, there are multiple factors, such as habitat, acting on the photosynthetic activity of chloroplasts when exposed to varying light intensities. The experiment conducted only investigated the photosynthetic activity of spinach, which is adapted to relatively high light intensity, accounting for its significantly lowered photosynthetic activity at 25W light in comparison to 125W. To extend research, species adapted to low light should be included in the method to account for the effects of light quantity on a broader range of species and habitat. To achieve this, species from low regions of the rainforest canopy should be researched and compared to plants from the high and mid canopy. Furthermore, the effects of the entire plant could be observed rather than only the activity of the isolated chloroplasts. More specifically, the growth of the plant exposed to a certain light intensity over a period of time could provide a broader analysis of the effects of light quantity on photosynthesis, such as in Turnball’s experiment (1991). To further improve methodology, controls are essential. In particular the supernatant, which contained few chloroplasts, could be compared to the pellet to confirm whether chloroplast density has an effect on photosynthetic activity when exposed to different light intensities. Sources of error existed primarily due to timing, as cuvettes containing the solution were exposed to the light for differing periods before measurement by the spectrophotometer. This was due to a delay as only one cuvette could be measured at a time. To improve this aspect of the method, measurement of the absorbance of the samples could be completed in increments to ensure all cuvettes have exactly the same light exposure before analysis. This research shows the significance of light quantity on the photosynthesis and development of plants. This enhances understanding of the rainforest environment and the photosynthetic levels of plants at different levels of the canopy. It can also be applied to the harvesting of crops, as greater understanding of the requirements for optimum growth is essential for commercial production. To conclude, light quantity has a significant effect on the photosynthetic activity of isolated chloroplasts of the spinach leaf. High light intensity results in higher photosynthetic activity than in chloroplasts exposed to low light intensity, suggesting greater electron transfer and ultimate reduction of DCPIP. References Dean, R. , Miskiewicz, E. (2006) Rates of electron transport in the thylakoid membranes of isolated, illuminated chloroplasts are enhanced in the presence of ammonium chloride. Biochemistry and molecular biology education, vol. 31: pp. 10 – 417. Grumbach, K. , Lichtenthaler, H. (1982) Chloroplast pigments and their biosynthesis in relation to light intensity. Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol. 35: pp. 209 – 212. Hoober, J. K. (1984) The process of photosynthesis: the light reactions. Chloroplasts. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 79 – 110. Johkan, M. , Shoji, K. , Goto, F. , Hahida, S. , Yoshihara, T. (2012) Effect of green light wavelength and intensity on photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis in Lactuca sativa. Environmental and experimental botany, vol. 75: pp. 128 – 133. Ladiges, P. , Evans, B. Saint, R. , Knox, B. (2010) Biology: an Australian focus, McGraw Hill, North Ryde, NSW. Lee, D. W. (1987) The spectral distribution of radiation in two neotropical rainforests. Biotropica, vol. 19: pp. 161 – 166. Stroop, S. , Boyer, P. (1987) Catalytic and regulatory effects of light intensity on chloroplast ATP synthase. Biochemistry, vol. 26: pp. 1479 – 1484. Turnball, M. (1991) The effect of light quantity and quality during development on the photosynthetic characteristics of six Australian rainforest tree species. Oecologia, vol. 87: pp. 110 – 117.